Electric Car Makers Seek Substitutes for Rare Earth Metals
2021-07-29
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1Western electric vehicle (EV) makers are trying to reduce their dependence on rare earth metals from China.
2As tensions rise between that nation and others, including the United States, makers worry that supplies might become limited.
3Electric vehicles use special magnets to power their engines.
4Most are made from rare earth metals.
5The metals are not really rare.
6But they can be dirty and difficult to process.
7And, China has become the leader in producing them.
8Demand for the magnets is growing for all forms of renewable energy.
9Experts say a real shortage may lie ahead.
10Some automobile companies have been looking to replace rare earth metals for years.
11Automakers in the West say they are concerned not just about securing supply.
12They are also worried about huge price increases and environmental damage that happens during production.
13Over the past twenty years, Western countries mostly stopped producing rare earth metals.
14Production involves complex processing and often dangerous byproducts.
15Rare earth magnets are mostly made of neodymium.
16The magnets are widely seen as the most effective way to power electric vehicles (EVs).
17China controls 90 percent of their supply.
18Prices for neodymium oxide more than doubled during a nine-month period last year and are still up 90 percent.
19Companies trying to stop using the magnets include Japanese carmaker Nissan.
20The company told Reuters it is ending its use of rare earths from the engine of its new Ariya model.
21Germany's BMW did the same for its iX3 electric sport utility vehicle this year.
22And the world's two biggest automakers -- Toyota and Volkswagen -- told Reuters they are also decreasing use of the minerals.
23Rare earths are needed for the electronics, renewable energy and defense industries.
24Because some can generate a continuous magnetic force, the magnets they make are known as permanent magnets.
25Electric cars with permanent magnets need less battery power and can drive farther than those with usual magnets.
26The special magnets were the clear choice for EVs until about 2010 when China threatened to cut the rare earth supply during a conflict with Japan. Prices rose sharply.
27Now, supply concerns are opening a divide between Chinese EV producers and their Western competitors.
28Though automakers in the West are cutting down, the Chinese are still making vehicles using the permanent magnets.
29A Chinese rare earths industry official told Reuters that if political risks are set aside, China can "fully meet" the world's need.
30Now companies are developing electric engines without the metals or recycling more of the magnets from existing vehicles.
31BMW says it has redesigned its EV technology to make up for a lack of rare earths.
32Carmaker Renault has made its Zoe model without rare earths for a growing number of city cars that do not need long battery life.
33The U.S. electric car company Tesla will be using both kinds of motors.
34Even though auto sales dropped during the pandemic, demand for neodymium magnets in EVs went up 35 percent last year alone.
35The magnets are also in demand for wind power equipment called turbines.
36For many EV drivers, distance worries may not be an issue.
37"Most people are driving less than 100 miles a day," so for that you can have a less capable motor, said researcher Jürgen Gassmann.
38He is with the Fraunhofer Institute for Material and Beam Technology in Germany.
39Yet, some companies, like Toyota, still use permanent magnets but have lowered use of rare earths.
40They developed a magnet that needs 20 to 50 percent less neodymium.
41The use of electric motors without rare earth metals is expected to jump by almost eight times by 2030, says Claudio Vittori.
42He is an expert from the American-British information provider IHS Markit.
43But he said permanent magnet motors will still rule, mainly because of their power and efficiency.
44If the predictions are right, it is unclear that even these changes can affect the rare earth metals market.
45I'm Bryan Lynn. And I'm Caty Weaver.
1Western electric vehicle (EV) makers are trying to reduce their dependence on rare earth metals from China. As tensions rise between that nation and others, including the United States, makers worry that supplies might become limited. 2Electric vehicles use special magnets to power their engines. 3Most are made from rare earth metals. 4The metals are not really rare. But they can be dirty and difficult to process. And, China has become the leader in producing them. Demand for the magnets is growing for all forms of renewable energy. Experts say a real shortage may lie ahead. 5Some automobile companies have been looking to replace rare earth metals for years. 6Automakers in the West say they are concerned not just about securing supply. They are also worried about huge price increases and environmental damage that happens during production. 7Over the past twenty years, Western countries mostly stopped producing rare earth metals. Production involves complex processing and often dangerous byproducts. 8High costs for carmakers and environment 9Rare earth magnets are mostly made of neodymium. The magnets are widely seen as the most effective way to power electric vehicles (EVs). China controls 90 percent of their supply. 10Prices for neodymium oxide more than doubled during a nine-month period last year and are still up 90 percent. 11Companies trying to stop using the magnets include Japanese carmaker Nissan. The company told Reuters it is ending its use of rare earths from the engine of its new Ariya model. Germany's BMW did the same for its iX3 electric sport utility vehicle this year. And the world's two biggest automakers -- Toyota and Volkswagen -- told Reuters they are also decreasing use of the minerals. 12Rare earths are needed for the electronics, renewable energy and defense industries. Because some can generate a continuous magnetic force, the magnets they make are known as permanent magnets. 13Electric cars with permanent magnets need less battery power and can drive farther than those with usual magnets. The special magnets were the clear choice for EVs until about 2010 when China threatened to cut the rare earth supply during a conflict with Japan. Prices rose sharply. 14Now, supply concerns are opening a divide between Chinese EV producers and their Western competitors. 15Though automakers in the West are cutting down, the Chinese are still making vehicles using the permanent magnets. A Chinese rare earths industry official told Reuters that if political risks are set aside, China can "fully meet" the world's need. 16Now companies are developing electric engines without the metals or recycling more of the magnets from existing vehicles. 17BMW says it has redesigned its EV technology to make up for a lack of rare earths. Carmaker Renault has made its Zoe model without rare earths for a growing number of city cars that do not need long battery life. 18The U.S. electric car company Tesla will be using both kinds of motors. 19EVs and wind turbines 20Even though auto sales dropped during the pandemic, demand for neodymium magnets in EVs went up 35 percent last year alone. 21The magnets are also in demand for wind power equipment called turbines. 22For many EV drivers, distance worries may not be an issue. 23"Most people are driving less than 100 miles a day," so for that you can have a less capable motor, said researcher Jürgen Gassmann. He is with the Fraunhofer Institute for Material and Beam Technology in Germany. 24Yet, some companies, like Toyota, still use permanent magnets but have lowered use of rare earths. They developed a magnet that needs 20 to 50 percent less neodymium. 25The use of electric motors without rare earth metals is expected to jump by almost eight times by 2030, says Claudio Vittori. He is an expert from the American-British information provider IHS Markit. But he said permanent magnet motors will still rule, mainly because of their power and efficiency. 26If the predictions are right, it is unclear that even these changes can affect the rare earth metals market. 27I'm Bryan Lynn. And I'm Caty Weaver. 28Reuters news agency reported this story. Alice Bryant adapted it for Learning English. Caty Weaver was the editor. 29__________________________________________________________ 30Words in This Story 31byproduct - n. something that is produced during the production or destruction of something else 32battery - n. an electric cell or connected electric cells for providing electric current 33recycle - v. to use (something) again 34efficiency - n. the ability to do something or produce something without wasting materials, time, or energy : the quality or degree of being efficient 35motor - n. a machine that produces motion or power for doing work